Foreign Policy In Focus | Special Report | U.S. Foreign Military Training

Endnotes

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Military Training and DOD Engagement Activities of Interest: Joint Report to Congress for FY 2000-01, Executive Summary, at http://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/rpt/fmtrpt/2001/ [hereafter FMTR 2001].

Section 47 of the Arms Export Control Act.

These are the Marshall Center for Security Studies in Garmisch, Germany, which hosts officers from Europe and Central Asian former Soviet republics; the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies in Honolulu, HI; the Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, African Center for Strategic Studies, and Near East-South Asia Center for Strategic Studies, all based at the National Defense University in Washington, DC.

FMTR 2001 (available at http://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/rpt/fmtrpt/2001/).

In Summer 2002, Foreign Policy In Focus is publishing a special report on U.S. training of foreign police forces.

The Report of the Inter-Agency Working Group on Training for FY 1998 shows that 51,700 foreign military and law officials received training in the U.S. in 1998 (available at http://www.iawg.gov/). A report on JCET deployments for the same time period lists 17,000 foreign soldiers trained abroad, for a minimum total of 68,700 foreign police and military students. For dozens of other programs, many classified and operated overseas, it is not possible to quantify the number of foreign personnel receiving training, but a combined estimate of an additional 30,000 would be a reasonably modest guess.

Dana Priest, “A Four-Star Foreign Policy? U.S. Commanders Wield Rising Clout,” Washington Post, September 28, 2000, page A1; “Reinventing War,” Foreign Policy, November/December 2001, no. 127, pp. 31-47.

FMTR 2001, III. Department of State Foreign Policy Objectives (available at http://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/rpt/fmtrpt/2001/).

President Bush, speeches before joint sessions of Congress, September 20, 2001, and January 30, 2002.

Mike Allen, “Inaction Is Not an Option: Bush Offers Military Aid in Continuing Terror War,” Washington Post, March 12, 2002, p. A1.

Ken LaPlante (expert on Latin American issues contracted by the U.S. Army), private communication, March 2002.

This figure is undoubtedly lower than the reality. It comes from the Interagency Working Group on U.S. Government-Sponsored International Exchanges & Training, “FY 2000 Inventory of Programs” (available at http://www.iawg.gov/).

Unless otherwise noted, all quotes in this section are citations from the U.S. State Department, Program Descriptions accompanying the Account Tables for the Foreign Assistance Budget Request for FY 2003 (available at http://www.state.gov/m/rm/rls/iab/2003/7808.htm).

Peter Magdashian, “Armenia and U.S. Begin Military Cooperation,” War and Peace Reporting (available at http://www.iwpr.net/index.pl?archive/cau/cau_200203_122_3_eng.txt).

Douglas Farah, “Pentagon Role in Africa May End,” Washington Post, July 3, 2001, p. A16.

“Emergency FY 2002 Supplemental Appropriations Act,” submitted by the Office of Management and Budget, March 21, 2002 (available at http://w3.access.gpo.gov/usbudget/fy2003/pdf/5usattack.pdf).

Prepared statement of Gen. Charles R. Holland, commander-in-chief, U.S. Special Operations Command, before the Senate Armed Services Committee, Subcommittee on Emerging Threats, March 12, 2002.

William M. Arkin, “Secrets that Make a Foreign Policy,” Washington Post.com, January 31, 2000.

Dana Priest, “Chaos Tests Ties to the Pentagon,” May 15, 1998; “Elite Unit Suspected of Torture,” May 23, 1998; (with Doug Farah) “U.S. Force Training Troops in Colombia,” May 25, 1998; “U.S. Military Trains Foreign Troops,” July 12, 1998; “Special Forces Training Review Sought,” July 15, 1998; “With Military, U.S. Makes an Overture to Algeria,” November 12, 1998; and “U.S. Deepens African Military Contacts,” December 13, 1998; also see Doug Farah, “A Tutor to Every Army in Latin America,” July 13, 1998; and Lynne Duke, “U.S. Faces Surprise, Dilemma in Africa,” July 14, 1998, Washington Post.

Letter to Sen. John Warner from Asst. Secretary of Defense for Special Operations Brian Sheridan, April 3, 2000.

According to testimony on March 12, 2002, by Gen. Charles Holland, the commander-in-chief of the Special Operations Command, before the Senate Armed Services Committee, the command does not yet know how much it will be spending for the training missions in the Philippines, Yemen, and Georgia recently announced by President Bush.

Section 2111b of Title 10 of the U.S. Code calls on the secretary of defense to establish a program to facilitate the enrollment and instruction of persons from foreign countries as international students at the senior military colleges (the U.S. Military Academy, U.S. Naval Academy, USAF Academy, National Defense University, the war colleges of the armed forces). The Defense Authorization Act for FY 2000 made $2 million available for this program. No public or congressional report is required on attendees, but it does call on the secretary of defense to identify to the senior military colleges those foreign military students whom the secretary recommends be considered for admission under the program.

Part 2, Chapter 5, Section 544 of the Foreign Assistance Act authorizes one-for-one reciprocal exchanges with military institutions aboard. This provision also allows the attendance of foreign military and civilian defense personnel at flight training schools and programs (including test pilot schools) in the U.S., without charge if reciprocated.

Section 8125 of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act for FY 2002.

Jennifer Morrison Taw and William H. McCoy, Jr. “International Military Student Training: Beyond Tactics,” A Rand Note, prepared for the undersecretary of defense for policy, N-3634-USDP, undated (1993).

Report of the Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community, 1996, p. 18

Bob Woodward and Dan Balz, “At Camp David, Advise and Dissent,” Washington Post, January 31, 2002, p. A1.

James Risen, “Lawmakers See Need to Loosen Rules on CIA,” New York Times, September 16, 2001, p. 1. In 2002, the lawyer Jennifer Harbury argued her case before the U.S. Supreme Court.

U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, “International Training Program” (available at http://www.fbi.gov/hq/td/academy/itp/itp.htm).

Cooperative Law Enforcement Services, “FBI” (available at http://www.ping.be/chaosium/FBI.htm).

The FBI’s Training Division manages this complex of 21 dormitories, classrooms, research, and ancillary training facilities. One of the most recent additions is “Hogan’s Alley,” a mock town where practical hostage rescue and antiterror training exercises are conducted.

U.S. Department of State, Office of the Spokesman, Statement by Philip T. Reeker, “Certification for the New Police Service of Northern Ireland,” December 7, 2001 (available at http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/pol/conflict/bunipo07.htm).

David E. Sanger and Thom Shanker, “U.S. Rules Out Training Indonesia Army, but Will Aid Its Antiterror Police,” New York Times, March 22, 2002, p. A12.

U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Agency, “Training” (available at http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/programs/training.htm).

Section 660 of the Foreign Assistance Act.

The Foreign Assistance Act originally stipulated the purposes of IMET as “encouraging effective and mutually beneficial relations and increased understanding between the U.S. and foreign countries; and improving self-reliance of foreign militaries to effectively utilize their resources.”

Dana Priest, “U.S. Instructed Latins on Executions, Torture; Manuals Used 1982-91, Pentagon Reveals,” Washington Post, September 21, 1996, p. A1.

Inter-American Air Forces Academy at Lackland Air Force Base is a Spanish-language facility chartered in U.S. law for the purpose of providing military education and training to military personnel of Central and South American countries, Caribbean countries, and other countries eligible for IMET funding assistance. That law also requires background vetting of attendees to protect against training of anyone convicted of, or known to U.S. authorities to have committed human rights violations, and it states that the Air Force “must provide concentrated instruction in democratic government and human rights protections to each attendee of IAAFA” (Section 9415 of Title 10 of the U.S. Code).

Section 202 of the Security Assistance Act of 2000 (PL 106-280).

Section 568 of the FY 1999 Foreign Operations Act and section 8130 of the FY 1999 DOD Appropriations Act.

Allan Nairn, “Indonesia’s Killers,” The Nation, March 30, 1998, pp. 6-7.

Required by Chapter 113 of Title 10 of the U.S. Code.

Required by Section 656, Foreign Assistance Act and by Section 564, Foreign Operations Appropriations Act for FY 2002; separate legislation enacted in January 2002 also directs publication of the Foreign Military Training Report, this time by March 1, 2002. The report is supposed to include information on all military training provided to foreign military personnel (excluding sales, and excluding training provided to the military personnel of NATO countries) under programs administered by the Pentagon and Department of State during fiscal year 2001 and proposed for 2002. It calls for the information to be publicly available unless a classified annex is “deemed necessary and appropriate.”

H.R.1594, the Foreign Military Training Responsibility Act.

Required by Section 30A of the Arms Export Control Act.

Required by Section 655 of the Foreign Assistance Act.

Required by Section 401 of Chapter 20 of Title 10 of the U.S. Code.

Required by Section 2010 of Chapter 101 of Title 10 of the U.S. Code.

Required by Section 489b of the Foreign Assistance Act.

Required by Section 2166 of Title 10 of the U.S. Code.

Required by PL 106-65, the National Defense Authorization Act for FY 2000.

Required by Section 2011 of Chapter 101 of Title 10 of the U.S. Code.

Required by conference report, Foreign Operations Appropriations Act for FY 2002.

Required by Foreign Operations Appropriations Act for FY 2002.

Required by Section 229 of Chapter 9 of Title 10 of the U.S. Code.

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